Just in time for Field Day and pool openings, today we provide sunburn protection information. 
 
Hot!

Until I became a mother I never thought…

I’d care if a birthday party was cancelled

I’d obsess about bowel movements and gas

I’d remember to reapply sunscreen

I’d bake zucchini muffins and count them as a vegetable serving

I’d wipe someone else’s nose

I’d relearn my most dreaded school subject in order to help my child with homework

I’d feel compelled to ask if anyone needs to go to the bathroom before I go anywhere in a car

I’d go on nauseating upside-down amusement park rides because my kid needed to be accompanied by an adult

I’d spend my Friday night driving and picking up kids from parties and then spend my Saturday morning driving and picking up kids from the ice hockey rink starting at 5:00am.

I’d get to play Tooth Fairy

I’d (try to) answer questions such as “What does God look like?” and “Who was the mom of the first man?”

I’d willingly read the same book out loud night after night after night

And finally-

Until I became a mother I never thought… I’d wipe away tears when reading sappy Mother’s Day cards.

Happy Mother’s Day from your two Peds

Naline Lai, MD and Julie Kardos, MD

©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

When it comes to our children, we want the best that money can buy. But the best is not necessarily the most expensive. Today we offer our pediatrician perspective on ways you can save money without compromising your child’s health or safety.

Buy generic infant formula: Common store brands of iron-containing Food and Drug Administration regulated infant formulas cost less than big name brands and have equal nutritional value.

Do not buy toddler formula. This is a marketing coup. Children over one year of age can drink milk.

No need to buy only organic milk and food.  Read here for more information about organic vs conventional foods. 

Make your own baby food- from the start you can grind up part of your breakfast, lunch or dinner in a blender for your baby. Grind up cooked chicken or cooked vegetables, pasta or soft fruits, mix with a little formula or breast milk if you need to get the pureed consistency just right, and commence spoon feeding! You will save tons of money from not buying bad-for-the-environment plastic containers of baby food. When your babies advance to finger foods, simply cut up pieces of your foods.  

Do NOT spend money on “toddler junk food” such as Puffs for portable finger food practice. Instead buy “toasted oats” (brand name = Cheerios) which are low in sugar, contain iron, and are much less expensive. One exception: do buy the baby cereals (rice, oatmeal, barley, or mixed grains) because they contain more iron than “grown-up” oatmeal and babies need the extra iron for their development.

Buy generic medicine: acetaminophen (brand name Tylenol), ibuprofen (brand name Motrin, Advil), diphenhydramine (brand name Benadryl), loratadine (Claritin), ceterizine (Zyrtec). If your child’s doctor prescribes amoxicillin (for ear infection, Strep throat, sinusitis), ask the pharmacist how much the medication would cost if you paid cash. The cost for this commonly prescribed antibiotic may be less than your insurance co-pay.

Accept hand-me-down clothes, shoes, etc. The purpose of shoes is to protect feet. Contrary to what the shoe sales-people tell you, cheap shoes or already-worn shoes will protect feet just as well as expensive, new ones. Just make sure they fit properly.

Don’t buy “sleep positioners” for the crib. Place your newborn to sleep on his back and he will not/cannot roll over. If you need to elevate your baby’s upper body to prevent spit-up or to provide comfort from gas, don’t buy a “wedge” but instead put a book under each of the 2 crib legs so the entire head of the crib is elevated. There is NO evidence that wedges or sleep positioners prevent SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) and these products are NOT endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Kardos advises her patients to return any sleep positioners that they received at the baby shower and use the money for diapers instead.

The best toys are ones that can be reconfigured and used again and again. Legos, blocks, crayons/markers/chalk, small cars, dolls, balls come to mind. Avoid one-time only assembly type items, breakables, etc. Have a “toy recycle” party or a pre-Halloween costume recycle party: everyone brings an old costume/toy they would like to trade and everyone leaves with a “new” item (kids don’t care if things are brand new or not, they care only if you teach them to care). Along the same lines, inexpensive paint can turn a pink “girl’s bike” into her younger brother’s blue “boy bike.” Read our article on gift ideas for kids for more ideas that do not “break the bank.”

Borrow books from libraries instead of buying them new or look for previously owned ones at yard sales, thrift shops and online.

Don’t buy “Sippy cups.” Teach your child to drink out of regular open cups. Sippy cups are for parents who don’t like mess-they are not a developmental stage. They are actually bad for teeth when they contain juice or milk and they do not aid in child development. They can also cause harm to children who run and fall while drinking out of them.

Skip over potty training pants.  Go straight to underwear. 

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD
©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®
revised from our earlier 2009 post

Put poison control’s phone number on the back of your cell phone, on your cell phone case, and on your wall phone. Put it everywhere:  1–800-222-1222.

Did your toddler eat dog food? Or a berry from your backyard bush? Did you give the wrong medication to your child? Call poison control. Experts at poison control will direct your next step. They have access to extensive data on poisoning, and they can give you that information much quicker than a drug-manufacturer or pharmacist or even your own doctor. One of Dr. Lai’s kids ate a mushroom from the yard when she was 20 months old—she called poison control. A mom asked Dr. Lai about carbon monoxide exposure—she called poison control. If doctors have a question about any ingestion or poisoning—we call poison control. But don’t wait for us to call, go ahead yourself and call.
People often first jump to the internet for information. However, a recent small study found that the internet is NOT the best place to research questions about toxins. Many sites fail to direct readers to the US Poison Control Center, and those who do, fail to supply the proper phone number – again, that’s 1–800-222-1222.

If your child needs emergent treatment, surfing the internet for what to do next wastes precious time. Don’t reach for your phone to “google it,” in the case of a possible poisoning, reach for your phone and make a CALL. It could be life-saving.

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD

© 2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

this post has been updated, please visit here

Despite what your grandmother says, teething is not the underlying cause of diaper rash. The underlying cause of all diaper rash is, well…the diaper. Whether your baby wears cloth or plastic diapers, the first treatment for diaper rash is to take the diaper off.

Yuck, you say? We agree. This first treatment isn’t practical. Luckily there are other ways to combat the common diaper rashes:

Contact rash- This diaper rash appears as  patches of red, dry, irritated skin. Poop smooshed  against a baby’s sensitive skin is the main source of irritation for this type of rash. Contact rash is often accentuated where the elastic part of a plastic diaper rubs against the skin. Experiment to see if one brand of disposable diapers causes more irritation than others or if the detergent used for a cloth diaper is the culprit.  Even the soap on a wipe or the friction from scrubbing off poop can exacerbate a contact rash.

Treatment: If you see a rash, use a soft, wet cloth with a gentle moisturizing soap to clean off poop or splash water gently on your baby’s bottom. Try to avoid rubbing an already irritated bottom—splash and dab, don’t  scrub. Just urine in the diaper? Just pat or fan dry the bottom and change the diaper. Don’t bother to wipe all of the urine off. After all, urea, a component of urine, is used in hand creams. In addition, after  every diaper change apply a barrier cream (one containing zinc oxide or petroleum jelly) to prevent your baby’s skin from coming into contact with the next round of irritants.

Yeast rash– This rash is caused by a type of yeast called Candida. The rash typically looks beefy red on the labia or the scrotum. “Satellite lesions” or tiny red bumps surround the beefy red central rash. Babies on antibiotics are particularly susceptible to candidal rashes. Yeast love warm, wet, dark environments  so  remove the diaper as much as possible to create a cool, dry, light environment.

Treatment: Since yeasts are a type of fungus, yeast rashes respond to antifungal creams such as clotrimazole (sold over the counter as Lotrimin in the anti-foot fungus aisle) or nystatin (prescription). Treatment can take as long as 2-3 weeks.

Pimples– Sometimes you will see a pimple, or a several pimples, in the diaper area . Pimples that look like they have pus inside of them are usually caused by overgrowth of bacteria that live on the skin or around poop. Sometimes a tiny pimple transforms into a boil, or abscess.   Suspect an abcess when a pimple grows, reddens, and becomes tender. 

Treatment: In addition to usual washing poop off with soap and water, apply an over-the-counter topical antibiotic cream or ointment to the pimples with diaper changes. Soak your baby’s bottom in a bath a couple of times a day in warm water. If you suspect a boil or abscess, take your baby to her doctor who may drain the infection and/or prescribe a prescription topical or oral antibiotic.

Eczema– If your baby has red, dry, itchy patches on her body she may have eczema and eczema  may appear anywhere… including in the diaper area. 

Treatment: In addition to applying barrier creams, treat eczema in the diaper area with hydrocortisone 1% ointment four times daily for up to one week.  

Viral– Viruses such as molluscum contageosum may cause flesh colored bumps in the diaper area. Other viruses, like the ones which cause hand-foot-mouth disease, may cause red bumps in the diaper area. Be suspicious of hand-foot-mouth disease if your see red bumps on your child’s hands and feet as well as sores in her mouth.

Reasons to bring your child to her doctor: If you are unsure of the cause or treatment for your baby’s diaper rash, then it’s time to call your pediatrician. Don’t worry… no one will think you are acting rashly. 

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD
©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

More polar vortex! Here in Bucks County, PA,  we are recovering from power outages and preparing for yet another winter blast. As the generators are started up, we remind our readers about a potentially deadly exposure.

Unfortunately, one of the biggest winter hazards is not loud and obvious. As the temperature drops, deaths rise from this insidious poisonous gas: carbon monoxide.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, about 400 unintentional deaths occur a year from carbon monoxide poisoning.

Carbon monoxide results from the incomplete combustion of fuel. The gas causes a chemical suffocation by competing with oxygen in your body. The colorless, odorless gas is impossible for human senses to detect, and unfortunately, loss of consciousness usually occurs before any symptoms appear. Those lucky enough to have warning symptoms before passing out may experience headaches, nausea, vomiting, or confusion.

Because carbon monoxide is a by-product of incomplete combustion, sources are related to energy use. Poisoning occurs more during the winter months when fuel is used to heat closed spaces and ventilation from exhausts is poor. My sister, toxicologist and Harvard medical school instructor, Dr. Melisa Lai, tells the story of a snowplow operator a few years ago who left the house early in the morning to plow snow, only to return and find his family dead. The reason—snow blocked the exhaust pipe from the furnace and caused lethal levels of carbon monoxide to accumulate in his home.

Carbon monoxide also occurs in warm weather. To avoid carbon monoxide buildup in all climates:

–Install carbon monoxide detectors. My sister says a $20 detector such as Kidde works as well as the $150 models. Put them on every level of your home and check that the batteries work. Smoke detectors are not the same as carbon monoxide detectors. However, combination detectors are available.

–Ventilate all appliances, heating units, and your chimney adequately. Have them serviced yearly.

–Shovel well around vents: While some furnaces vent out of a home’s chimney, other vents are located just two feet off the ground on the side of the house. If these vents become blocked with snow, deadly carbon monoxide levels can build up inside the home. Aim for three feet of snow clearance around the vents.

–Be wary of the exhaust from of any vehicle.

Parents have put their infants in running cars while they shovel snow, unaware that the car’s tailpipe is covered in snow. By the time they return to the car, the infant, who is extremely susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning because of his size, is dead. Even opening the garage door when you run your car is not enough ventilation to prevent poisoning.

Like cars, boats also produce carbon monoxide. Since boats are less energy efficient than cars, they spew more of the gas. While your teen boogie boards behind a motor boat, the carbon monoxide can knock her tumbling unconscious into the water.

–Keep anything meant to burn fuel outdoors, OUTDOORS. Even an innocent barbeque can turn into a nightmare if you decide to grill inside your garage. Emissions from any type of grill, charcoal or gas, can send carbon monoxide levels skyrocketing. Additionally, hurricane season in the southern United States is known by toxicologists as “Carbon Monoxide Season.” During hurricanes (as with winter storms), people buy outdoor generators and auxiliary heating units. They work so well that people then bring them indoors, trapping fumes in their homes.

My sister says she has hundreds of stories about carbon monoxide poisoning, all which end tragically. Maybe I’ll let my husband store that larger-than-life-take-up-car-space neighborhood snow blower here this winter. Then, at least I know I’ll be able to make sure no one starts up the blower in a garage.

For more details please visit http://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm.

Naline Lai, MD and Julie Kardos, MD
©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

Adapted from our 2010 post

Parents often ask how they can tell if their child has the flu or just a common cold. Here’s how:

Colds, even really yucky ones, start out gradually. Think back to your last cold: first your throat felt scratchy or sore, then the next day your nose got stuffy or then started running profusely, then you developed a cough. Sometimes during a cold you get a fever for a day or two. Sometimes you get hoarse and lose your voice. Kids are the same way. They often feel tired because of interrupted sleep from coughing or nasal congestion.

Usually kids still feel well enough to play and attend school with colds, as long as their temperatures stay below 101°F and they are well hydrated and breathing without any difficulty. The average length of a cold is 7-10 days although sometimes it takes two weeks or more for all coughing and nasal congestion to peter out.

Important news flash: the mucus from a cold can be thick, thin, clear, yellow, green, or white, and can change from one to the other, all in the same cold. The color of mucus does NOT tell you if your child needs an antibiotic and will not help you differentiate between a cold and the flu.

The flu, caused by influenza virus, comes on suddenly and makes you feel as if you’ve been hit by a truck. Flu always causes fever of 101°F or higher and some respiratory symptoms such as runny nose, cough, or sore throat (many times, all three at once). Children, more often than adults, sometimes will vomit and have diarrhea along with their respiratory symptoms. Usually the flu causes body aches, headaches, and often the sensation of your eyes burning. The fever usually lasts 5-7 days. All symptoms come on at once; there is nothing gradual about coming down with the flu.

So, if your child has a runny nose and cough, but is drinking well, playing well, sleeping well and does not have a fever and the symptoms have been around for a few days, the illness is unlikely to “turn into the flu.”

Remember: colds = gradual and annoying. Flu = sudden and miserable.

Fortunately, a vaccine against the flu can prevent the misery of the flu. In addition, vaccines against influenza save lives by preventing flu-related complications that can be fatal such as pneumonia, encephalitis (brain infection), and severe dehydration.  

Be sure to read our article on ways to prevent colds and flu and our thoughts on over the counter cold medicines.  Now excuse us while we go out to buy really yummy smelling hand soap to entice our kids to wash germs off their hands. After that you’ll find us cooking up a pot of good old-fashioned chicken soup, just in case…

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD
revised from a Sept 2009 post

©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

Does it make sense to change your car’s tires one at a time? (A vaccine parable)

Ron was puzzled. He had been a mechanic for many years, and had known Ms. McCarthy through two previous vehicles. But what could he say to a request like this?

“I don’t see why you wouldn’t want to do it this way. What’s the harm?” The mother of two seemed sincere and earnest. Ron knew she wanted to take good care of her car, and the kids who rode with her every day.

“It’s just not done this way. You need four new tires, let’s just replace them all at once.” Ron stuck his finger into a well-worn tread, showing his customer how shallow the grooves had become.

“But isn’t that too hard on the car? I mean, that seems like a lot to do, all at once. Let’s space them out, one tire every two weeks. I’ll just come back.”

Ron scratched his head. Cars: that’s what he knew. Light trucks, electrical systems, AC systems too. He had even studied and learned how to fix and maintain foreign cars, and hybrids, and the newer electric cars—more computer than car, really. If it rolled on wheels, Ron knew how to fix it. It was his job.

“No, you see, it’s a safety thing. A tire could blow—see how bare these are? And you won’t get good steering on these, which is also unsafe.” Safety, thought Ron, that will convince her. He took safety very seriously, and imagined that this nice lady with the kids would put safety first. “Besides, cars are designed to have their tires replaced. Tires wear out, so the car was designed to safely go up on this lift so we can replace the tires. No problem!”

“But how do I know it’s safe? I read on the internet that replacing all of the tires at once can stress out the suspension, and lead to premature angulation of the mesmerglobber, and on Oprah I saw this actress and she said three months after she had all four tires replaced, her transmission broke!” Ms. McCarthy started to sob.

“OK, look, it’s ok, look, um…” Ron looked for one of his less-greasy rags to offer as a handkerchief.

“Waiting a few weeks between each tire won’t really hurt, will it?”

“Probably it’ll be OK, I guess. But tires are an important part of your safety system, like good brakes and seat belts and air bags.”

“Oh, I make sure we never wear seat belts! I heard that once a guy was wearing his seat belt, and he went into a lake, and he couldn’t get it off, and he drowned! I’m not wearing anything that isn’t 100% safe!”

Ron felt lost. “Look, nothing’s 100% safe! A seat belt might occasionally make an accident worse, but 99 times out of 100 it’s much better to wear your belt.”

“I can’t risk that 1 out of 100 chance!”

The mechanic tried another avenue. “But it’s the law, you have to wear your seat belt, and your kids need to be in the right kind of car safety seats too.”

Ms. McCarthy’s eyes grew dark. “Yeah, the law. That’s just it—the government is forcing these seat belts and new tires on us, because the government is controlled by the car manufacturers and the insurance industry! If seat belts really saved lives would there have to be a law about it? That’s why I disconnected my front brakes.”

“What?”

“The front brakes are just a booster anyway. If the brakes work as well as they’re supposed to, why do we need a booster? It’s just more money, it’s all about the money!”

Ron had been fixing cars for years, and he owned his own shop. He made pretty good money, but selling new tires and simple brake maintenance jobs weren’t really profitable. He did those things to keep cars running well, and to prevent bigger problems later. In fact, if he let more rotors go bad and transmissions fail, he’s probably make even more money from the expensive jobs needed to fix them.

“Tell you what—I’ll fix up your brakes for free, just my cost for parts, OK? Really, it’s not safe for you and the other drivers if you don’t have good brakes and tires.”

“What do you mean, the other drivers? They have their own brakes! That’s exactly what this web site I found was explaining, that you’d come up with all of these dumb reasons to take more of my money and hurt my car! You’re not really interested in keeping my car healthy, are you?”

Are you?

Roy Benaroch, MD
©2014 The Pediatric Insider 

In practice near Atlanta, Georgia, Dr. Roy Benaroch is an assistant clinical professor of pediatrics at Emory University, a father of three, and the author of  The Guide to Getting the Best Health Care for your Child and Solving Health and Behavioral Problems from Birth through Preschool. We enjoy his blog The Pediatric Insider and also enjoy his posts on Web MD.

When I was a child, a special treat was to have a sleepover at my grandparents’ house. My grandfather was an early riser and to this day I can still hear him roaring “When Pop-Pop’s up, EVERYBODY’S UP!” as I awoke to the aroma of my grandmother’s hot breakfast.

As all parents know, when BABY’s up, EVERYBODY’s up. What‘s the secret to good sleep? It’s all in the bedtime routine.

Parents should establish a good bedtime routine when their children are babies and should continue to enforce the routine until their children grow up and leave home. Just as prevention of heart disease begins with establishing healthy eating and exercise habits when your children are young, prevention of adult insomnia starts with establishing a healthy bedtime routine.

Here are ways to help your kids sleep from infancy through young adulthood: Start with our most commented upon podcast: how to help your baby to sleep through the night. Parents of preschool-aged kids will appreciate“sleep invaders”: nightmares, night terrors, and other monsters under the bed.  Even if you don’t have a teen, read our post on the Tired Teen.

Now that winter break is a memory, it’s time to buckle down and rid your child of the jet lag that persists from the “vacation sleep schedule.” For more ways to do this, refer to “Get your child back on a school sleep schedule.”

May you have a good night this and every night!

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD
©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®