More polar vortex! Here in Bucks County, PA,  we are recovering from power outages and preparing for yet another winter blast. As the generators are started up, we remind our readers about a potentially deadly exposure.

Unfortunately, one of the biggest winter hazards is not loud and obvious. As the temperature drops, deaths rise from this insidious poisonous gas: carbon monoxide.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, about 400 unintentional deaths occur a year from carbon monoxide poisoning.

Carbon monoxide results from the incomplete combustion of fuel. The gas causes a chemical suffocation by competing with oxygen in your body. The colorless, odorless gas is impossible for human senses to detect, and unfortunately, loss of consciousness usually occurs before any symptoms appear. Those lucky enough to have warning symptoms before passing out may experience headaches, nausea, vomiting, or confusion.

Because carbon monoxide is a by-product of incomplete combustion, sources are related to energy use. Poisoning occurs more during the winter months when fuel is used to heat closed spaces and ventilation from exhausts is poor. My sister, toxicologist and Harvard medical school instructor, Dr. Melisa Lai, tells the story of a snowplow operator a few years ago who left the house early in the morning to plow snow, only to return and find his family dead. The reason—snow blocked the exhaust pipe from the furnace and caused lethal levels of carbon monoxide to accumulate in his home.

Carbon monoxide also occurs in warm weather. To avoid carbon monoxide buildup in all climates:

–Install carbon monoxide detectors. My sister says a $20 detector such as Kidde works as well as the $150 models. Put them on every level of your home and check that the batteries work. Smoke detectors are not the same as carbon monoxide detectors. However, combination detectors are available.

–Ventilate all appliances, heating units, and your chimney adequately. Have them serviced yearly.

–Shovel well around vents: While some furnaces vent out of a home’s chimney, other vents are located just two feet off the ground on the side of the house. If these vents become blocked with snow, deadly carbon monoxide levels can build up inside the home. Aim for three feet of snow clearance around the vents.

–Be wary of the exhaust from of any vehicle.

Parents have put their infants in running cars while they shovel snow, unaware that the car’s tailpipe is covered in snow. By the time they return to the car, the infant, who is extremely susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning because of his size, is dead. Even opening the garage door when you run your car is not enough ventilation to prevent poisoning.

Like cars, boats also produce carbon monoxide. Since boats are less energy efficient than cars, they spew more of the gas. While your teen boogie boards behind a motor boat, the carbon monoxide can knock her tumbling unconscious into the water.

–Keep anything meant to burn fuel outdoors, OUTDOORS. Even an innocent barbeque can turn into a nightmare if you decide to grill inside your garage. Emissions from any type of grill, charcoal or gas, can send carbon monoxide levels skyrocketing. Additionally, hurricane season in the southern United States is known by toxicologists as “Carbon Monoxide Season.” During hurricanes (as with winter storms), people buy outdoor generators and auxiliary heating units. They work so well that people then bring them indoors, trapping fumes in their homes.

My sister says she has hundreds of stories about carbon monoxide poisoning, all which end tragically. Maybe I’ll let my husband store that larger-than-life-take-up-car-space neighborhood snow blower here this winter. Then, at least I know I’ll be able to make sure no one starts up the blower in a garage.

For more details please visit http://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm.

Naline Lai, MD and Julie Kardos, MD
©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

Adapted from our 2010 post

Parents often ask how they can tell if their child has the flu or just a common cold. Here’s how:

Colds, even really yucky ones, start out gradually. Think back to your last cold: first your throat felt scratchy or sore, then the next day your nose got stuffy or then started running profusely, then you developed a cough. Sometimes during a cold you get a fever for a day or two. Sometimes you get hoarse and lose your voice. Kids are the same way. They often feel tired because of interrupted sleep from coughing or nasal congestion.

Usually kids still feel well enough to play and attend school with colds, as long as their temperatures stay below 101°F and they are well hydrated and breathing without any difficulty. The average length of a cold is 7-10 days although sometimes it takes two weeks or more for all coughing and nasal congestion to peter out.

Important news flash: the mucus from a cold can be thick, thin, clear, yellow, green, or white, and can change from one to the other, all in the same cold. The color of mucus does NOT tell you if your child needs an antibiotic and will not help you differentiate between a cold and the flu.

The flu, caused by influenza virus, comes on suddenly and makes you feel as if you’ve been hit by a truck. Flu always causes fever of 101So, if your child has a runny nose and cough, but is drinking well, playing well, sleeping well and does not have a fever and the symptoms have been around for a few days, the illness is unlikely to “turn into the flu.”

Remember: colds = gradual and annoying. Flu = sudden and miserable.

Fortunately, a vaccine against the flu can prevent the misery of the flu. In addition, vaccines against influenza save lives by preventing flu-related complications that can be fatal such as pneumonia, encephalitis (brain infection), and severe dehydration.  

Be sure to read our article on ways to prevent colds and flu and our thoughts on over the counter cold medicines.  Now excuse us while we go out to buy really yummy smelling hand soap to entice our kids to wash germs off their hands. After that you’ll find us cooking up a pot of good old-fashioned chicken soup, just in case…

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD
revised from a Sept 2009 post

©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

Does it make sense to change your car’s tires one at a time? (A vaccine parable)

Ron was puzzled. He had been a mechanic for many years, and had known Ms. McCarthy through two previous vehicles. But what could he say to a request like this?

“I don’t see why you wouldn’t want to do it this way. What’s the harm?” The mother of two seemed sincere and earnest. Ron knew she wanted to take good care of her car, and the kids who rode with her every day.

“It’s just not done this way. You need four new tires, let’s just replace them all at once.” Ron stuck his finger into a well-worn tread, showing his customer how shallow the grooves had become.

“But isn’t that too hard on the car? I mean, that seems like a lot to do, all at once. Let’s space them out, one tire every two weeks. I’ll just come back.”

Ron scratched his head. Cars: that’s what he knew. Light trucks, electrical systems, AC systems too. He had even studied and learned how to fix and maintain foreign cars, and hybrids, and the newer electric cars—more computer than car, really. If it rolled on wheels, Ron knew how to fix it. It was his job.

“No, you see, it’s a safety thing. A tire could blow—see how bare these are? And you won’t get good steering on these, which is also unsafe.” Safety, thought Ron, that will convince her. He took safety very seriously, and imagined that this nice lady with the kids would put safety first. “Besides, cars are designed to have their tires replaced. Tires wear out, so the car was designed to safely go up on this lift so we can replace the tires. No problem!”

“But how do I know it’s safe? I read on the internet that replacing all of the tires at once can stress out the suspension, and lead to premature angulation of the mesmerglobber, and on Oprah I saw this actress and she said three months after she had all four tires replaced, her transmission broke!” Ms. McCarthy started to sob.

“OK, look, it’s ok, look, um…” Ron looked for one of his less-greasy rags to offer as a handkerchief.

“Waiting a few weeks between each tire won’t really hurt, will it?”

“Probably it’ll be OK, I guess. But tires are an important part of your safety system, like good brakes and seat belts and air bags.”

“Oh, I make sure we never wear seat belts! I heard that once a guy was wearing his seat belt, and he went into a lake, and he couldn’t get it off, and he drowned! I’m not wearing anything that isn’t 100% safe!”

Ron felt lost. “Look, nothing’s 100% safe! A seat belt might occasionally make an accident worse, but 99 times out of 100 it’s much better to wear your belt.”

“I can’t risk that 1 out of 100 chance!”

The mechanic tried another avenue. “But it’s the law, you have to wear your seat belt, and your kids need to be in the right kind of car safety seats too.”

Ms. McCarthy’s eyes grew dark. “Yeah, the law. That’s just it—the government is forcing these seat belts and new tires on us, because the government is controlled by the car manufacturers and the insurance industry! If seat belts really saved lives would there have to be a law about it? That’s why I disconnected my front brakes.”

“What?”

“The front brakes are just a booster anyway. If the brakes work as well as they’re supposed to, why do we need a booster? It’s just more money, it’s all about the money!”

Ron had been fixing cars for years, and he owned his own shop. He made pretty good money, but selling new tires and simple brake maintenance jobs weren’t really profitable. He did those things to keep cars running well, and to prevent bigger problems later. In fact, if he let more rotors go bad and transmissions fail, he’s probably make even more money from the expensive jobs needed to fix them.

“Tell you what—I’ll fix up your brakes for free, just my cost for parts, OK? Really, it’s not safe for you and the other drivers if you don’t have good brakes and tires.”

“What do you mean, the other drivers? They have their own brakes! That’s exactly what this web site I found was explaining, that you’d come up with all of these dumb reasons to take more of my money and hurt my car! You’re not really interested in keeping my car healthy, are you?”

Are you?

Roy Benaroch, MD
©2014 The Pediatric Insider 

In practice near Atlanta, Georgia, Dr. Roy Benaroch is an assistant clinical professor of pediatrics at Emory University, a father of three, and the author of  The Guide to Getting the Best Health Care for your Child and Solving Health and Behavioral Problems from Birth through Preschool. We enjoy his blog The Pediatric Insider and also enjoy his posts on Web MD.

When I was a child, a special treat was to have a sleepover at my grandparents’ house. My grandfather was an early riser and to this day I can still hear him roaring “When Pop-Pop’s up, EVERYBODY’S UP!” as I awoke to the aroma of my grandmother’s hot breakfast.

As all parents know, when BABY’s up, EVERYBODY’s up. What‘s the secret to good sleep? It’s all in the bedtime routine.

Parents should establish a good bedtime routine when their children are babies and should continue to enforce the routine until their children grow up and leave home. Just as prevention of heart disease begins with establishing healthy eating and exercise habits when your children are young, prevention of adult insomnia starts with establishing a healthy bedtime routine.

Here are ways to help your kids sleep from infancy through young adulthood: Start with our most commented upon podcast: how to help your baby to sleep through the night. Parents of preschool-aged kids will appreciate“sleep invaders”: nightmares, night terrors, and other monsters under the bed.  Even if you don’t have a teen, read our post on the Tired Teen.

Now that winter break is a memory, it’s time to buckle down and rid your child of the jet lag that persists from the “vacation sleep schedule.” For more ways to do this, refer to “Get your child back on a school sleep schedule.”

May you have a good night this and every night!

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD
©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

Resolve to raise self-esteem, foster a sense of security, and encourage independence in your children in the new year. Here are our top parenting ideas for this year:

1-Read aloud to your children, even if they already know how to read to themselves.

2-Get rid of the smart phones at the dinner/lunch/breakfast table and turn off the TV. Focus on food and family instead.

3-Compliment your child’s effort – from using the potty, to dressing himself, to not fighting with a sibling. Praise the effort, not the outcome.

4-Teach a new skill  such as how to fold socks, how to cook eggs, how to put a book back neatly in a bookshelf, how to do his algebra correctly.

5-Have your child do something he’s never done to encourage independence. For example, have your 6 year old order for himself at a restaurant, have your 9 year old call and arrange his own get-together with a friend before you get on the phone with the parent, or have your tween call (on the phone, not “googling”) a store to find out what time it opens.

6-Tell a personal anecdote in order to teach a lesson. For a young child, tell them how: “I remember when I forgot to wear my gloves and my hands were SOOO cold…”

7-Listen to your child when he talks to you. Put down the phone, put down the newspaper, turn off the TV, put aside the mail, and really pay attention.

8-Make your child laugh daily. Tell a corny joke, make a funny face, read a funny book, play a funny game, whatever it takes.

9-Tuck your child into bed or at least visit your teen’s room before he goes to sleep. Bedtime brings out stories from your children you might not hear about during the day. And it shows you care about them.

10-Hug them. Even if they are now bigger than you are. Remind your child that you will always be there for him.

Wishing you all a happy and healthy 2014,

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD
©2014 Two Peds in a Pod®

We have seen many patients with nasty colds lately, and we know that a few cases of flu recently popped up in our area of the United States.  Take a look at  “Top Ten Ways to Prevent Colds and Flu,” a post we wrote recently for Mom365, to get your kids through cold and flu season. 
 
To keep yourself updated on the status of the flu, check the  Centers for Disease Control flu tracker.

The bad news: thus far three pediatric deaths from flu were reported for this 2013-2014 flu season. The good news: the latest allergy guidelines say that even egg-allergic kids, unless they have a history of anaphylaxis (difficulty breathing) to egg, can safely receive the flu vaccine. Talk to your child’s doctor if your egg-allergic child has never received flu vaccine.

Stay healthy and WASH YOUR HANDS,

Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD

©2013 Two Peds in a Pod®

We love being pediatricians because it’s an honor to be a part of your family, it’s intellectually challenging, and it gives us a chance to teach. But mostly, we love to make people feel better.
We love not only when our patients feel better, but also when their parents feel better.

Parents feel better when we say:

Not strep throat. It’s a viral sore throat.
Not pneumonia. It’s a viral cough.
Not a broken foot. It’s an ankle sprain.
Not appendicitis. It’s constipation.
Not an ear infection. It’s fluid behind her ear drum.
Not cancer. It’s a lymph node infection.

In other words, our favorite diagnosis is “Not what you are worried about.”

Parents, including us, fear the worst when their children are ill. Some parents apologize to us when we give the diagnosis of “Not what you are worried about.” They feel they have wasted our time or their time. But this diagnosis is never a waste of time for anyone. It is a stress relieving, sometimes guilt relieving, diagnosis that we are happy to give. Too often we wish with all our hearts that we could give this diagnosis, but instead, we must confirm a parent’s fears.

 So this Thanksgiving, we take time to be grateful for the diagnosis “Not what you are worried about.”

May you find lots of Happy in your Thanksgiving.

With gratitude,

 Drs. Kardos and Lai
©2013 Two Peds in a Pod®

A five-year-old boy in the office last week said he planned to go home after his checkup and play “Elf on the Shelf.” In the game, he perches very still in a hiding spot in his house with one leg crossed and both hands on his knee, gazes into the distance, and waits for his sister to find him.

Yup, its that time of the year. Before you know it, a “real” Elf on the Shelf or perhaps a Mensch on a Bench may be visiting your home and you’ll be thinking about holiday gifts. Now that your families are another year older, we brought back our holiday gift idea list arranged by ages and developmental stages.

0-3 months: Babies this age have perfect hearing and enjoy looking at faces and objects with contrasting colors. Music, mobiles, and bright posters are some age appropriate gift ideas. Infants self sooth themselves through sucking- if you can figure out what your nephew’s favorite type of binkie is, wrap up a bunch-they are expensive and mysteriously disappear.

3-6 months: Babies start to reach and grab at objects. They enjoy things big enough to hold onto and safe enough to put in their mouths- try bright colored teething rings and large plastic “keys.” New cloth and vinyl books will likewise be appreciated; gnawed books don’t make great hand-me-downs.

6-12 months: Around six months, babies begin to sit alone or sit propped. Intellectually, they begin to understand “cause and effect.” Good choices of gifts include toys with large buttons that make things happen with light pressure. Toys which make sounds, play music, or cause Elmo to pop up will be a hit. For a nine-month-old old just starting to pull up to standing, a water or sand table will provide hours of entertainment in the upcoming year. Right now you can bring winter inside if you fill the water table with a mound of snow. Buy some inexpensive measuring cups and later in the summer your toddler will enjoy standing outside splashing in the water.

12-18 months: This is the age kids learn to stand and walk. They enjoy things they can push while walking such as shopping carts or plastic lawn mowers. Include gifts which promote joint attention. Joint attention is the kind of attention a child shares with you during moments of mutual discovery. Joint attention starts at two months of age when you smile at your baby and your baby smiles back. Later, around 18 months, if you point at a dog in a book, she will look at the dog then look back at you and smile. Your child not only shows interest in the same object, but she acknowledges that you are both interested. Joint attention is thought to be important for social and emotional growth.

18-24 months: Although kids this age cannot pedal yet, they enjoy riding on toys such as big wheels “Fred Flintstone” style. Dexterous enough to drink out of a cup and use a spoon and fork, toddlers can always use another place setting. Toddlers are also able to manipulate shape sorters and toys where they put a plastic ball into the top and the ball goes down a short maze/slide. They also love containers to collect things, dump out, then collect again.

Yes, older toddlers are also dexterous enough to swipe an ipad, but be aware, electronics can be a double edged sword— the same device which plays karaoke music for your daddy-toddler sing-along can be transformed into a substitute parent. The other day, a toddler was frighted of my stethoscope in the office. Instead of smiling and demonstrating to her toddler how a stethoscope does not hurt, the mother repeatedly tried to give her toddler her phone and told the child to watch a video. Fast forward a few years, and the mother will wonder why her kid fixates on her phone and does not look up at the family at the dinner table. Don’t train an addiction.

2-3 years: To encourage motor skills, offer tricycles, balls, bubbles, and boxes to crawl into and out of. Choose crayons over markers because crayons require a child to exert pressure and therefore develop hand strength. Dolls, cars, and sand boxes all foster imagination. Don’t forget those indestructible board books so kids can “read” to themselves. By now, the plastic squirting fish bath toys you bought your nephew when he was one are probably squirting out black specks of mold instead of water- get him a new set.

3-4 years: Now kids engage in elaborate imaginary play. They enjoy “dress up” clothes to create characters- super heroes, dancers, princesses, kings, queens, animals. They become adept at pedaling tricycles or even riding small training-wheeled bikes. Other gift ideas include crayons, paint, markers, Play-doh®, or side-walk chalk. Children this age understand rules and turn-taking and can be taught simple card games such as “go fish,” “war,” and “matching.” Three-year-olds recognize colors but can’t read- so they can finally play the classic board game Candyland®, and they can rote count in order to play the sequential numbers game Chutes and Ladders®.

5-year-olds: Since 5-year-olds can hop on one foot, games like Twister® will be fun. Kids this age start to understand time. In our world of digital clocks, get your nephew an analog clock with numbers and a minute hand… they are hard to come by. Five-year-olds also begin to understand charts— a calendar will also cause delight. They can also work jigsaw puzzles with somewhat large pieces.

8-year-olds: Kids at this point should be able to perform self help skills such as teeth brushing. Help them out with stocking stuffers such as toothbrushes with timers. They also start to understand the value of money. The kids will appreciate gifts such as a wallet or piggy bank. Eight-year-olds engage in rough and tumble play and can play outdoor games with rules. Think balls, balls, balls- soccer balls, kickballs, baseballs, tennis balls, footballs. Basic sports equipment of any sort will be a hit. Label makers will also appeal to this age group since they start to have a greater sense of ownership.

10-year-olds: Fine motor skills are quite developed and intricate arts and crafts such as weaving kits can be manipulated. Give a “cake making set” (no not the plastic oven with a light bulb) with tubes of frosting and cake mix to bake over the winter break. Buy two plastic recorders- one for you and one for your child to play duets. The instrument is simple enough for a ten year-year-old or a forty-year-old to learn on their own. Ten-year-olds value organization in their world and want to be more independent. Therefore, a watch makes a good gift at this age. And don’t forget about books: reading skills are more advanced at this age. They can read chapter books or books about subjects of interest to them. In particular, kids at this age love a good joke or riddle book.

Tweens: Your child now has a longer attention span (30-40 minutes) so building projects such as K’nex® models will be of interest to her. She can now also understand directions for performing magic tricks or making animal balloons. This is a time when group identity becomes more important. Sleepovers and scouting trips are common at this age so sleeping bags and camping tents make great gifts. Tweens value their privacy – consider a present of a journal with a lock or a doorbell for her room.

Teens: If you look at factors which build a teen into a resilient adult, you will see that adult involvement in a child’s life is important. http://www.search-institute.org/research/developmental-assets

We know parents who jokingly say they renamed their teens “Door 1” and “Door 2,” since they spend more time talking to their kid’s bedroom doors than their kids. Create opportunities for one-on-one interaction by giving gifts such as a day of shopping with her aunt, tickets to a show with her uncle, or two hours at the rock climbing gym with dad.

Encourage physical activity. Sports equipment is always pricey for a teen to purchase- give the fancy sports bag he’s been eying or give a gym membership. Many teens dislike sweating because they fear sweat will promote acne—treat them to moisture wicking shirts and elaborate acne regimes from the high-end department store make-up counter.

Enjoy your holiday shopping!

Naline Lai, MD and Julie Kardos, MD
©2013 Two Peds in a Pod®

image by Pixabay

“Red and yellow and pink and green, purple and orange and blue…”

 Please imagine the “I Can Sing a Rainbow” song playing in the background of this post as you “listen with your eyes.”

 In the same order as the song, we proudly present colors with medical meaning:

RED It’s okay to turn red while coughing. Red shows that a person has enough oxygen and is not short of breath. Of course redness of the skin is NOT a good color when it results from sunburn or infection. It is also not a good color in the whites of the eyes. Red eyes are irritated eyes, and red can be a sign of infection, allergies or sleep deprivation.

YELLOW In the “whites of the eyes” or sclera, yellow is a sign of jaundice. Jaundice in only the eyes of newborns is very common and usually does not require treatment. In anyone older than a newborn, jaundice points towards liver disease. So yellow, other than in the newborn period, is a problem color.

 PINK Children of all races and ethnicities should have pink inner eyelids, pink lips, and pink nails. Pink in these body areas implies normal blood flow and normal blood count.

 GREEN We can see this color in a child’s face before an episode of vomiting or fainting.  If you see this color in your child’s face, lie him down on his side to encourage blood flow to his head and to prevent him from hitting his head on the floor if he faints. And get a bucket!

 PURPLE A bad rash called “purpura” is purple. It can be seen with a high fever or with leg and belly pain. If you see a purple rash on your ill child, take him to a doctor ASAP.

 ORANGE Orange skin in an older baby WHOSE SCLERAE (EYES) ARE STILL WHITE may be seen in kids who love to eat orange fruit and veggies such as carrots, peaches and squash. This condition, called hypercarotinemia, is a result of the build-up of beta carotene from orange foods. We see this often in 9-12 month olds. Hypercarotinemia is not dangerous . An easy way to change the skin color is to feed more green veggies to balance out the orange ones.

 BLUE In general, blue is not a good color. Turning blue while coughing means NOT enough air/oxygen is flowing to the body. Low oxygen levels in kids with heart or lung diseases cause a blue coloration in their faces, mouths, and fingernails.

 WHITE White inner eyelids, lips, or fingertips implies anemia or poor blood flow in the body. However, white is a normal color for sclera, the “whites of the eyes.”

 Speaking of color— kids cannot get a tattoo legally in the USA under age 18 years without parental consent. In case you were thinking of letting your underage child permanently color his or her skin, read this article about an infection caused by one kind of grey tattoo ink.

 Hopefully you can now “sing a rainbow too.” If any of our medical colleagues are reading this post, please fill in any color we forgot!

  Julie Kardos, MD and Naline Lai, MD
©2013 Two Peds in a Pod®